Food allergies, sensitivities, and intolerances are becoming more common. You’ve probably heard of nut-free schools and gluten-free foods, and yes, some people truly need to avoid even the tiniest traces of these foods. In fact, millions of Americans experience allergic reactions to foods every year. While most reactions are mild, some can be life-threatening and require emergency treatment or hospitalization.
Where do food allergies and sensitivities come from? What are the differences in a food allergy versus a sensitivity or intolerance? How do we know whether our symptoms are from an allergy or sensitivity? What are the best ways to prevent, treat, and live with them? We’ll address all these questions in this blog post.
What are Food Allergies?
Food allergies are simply an abnormal response to food that’s triggered by the immune system (the system that fights infections). It happens when the immune system mistakes a non-harmful food, like peanuts or shellfish for example, for a serious invader and overreacts to it. The immune system creates a specific type of compound called an IgE antibody that is responsible for most of the symptoms of true allergies. These IgE-mediated allergic reactions can range from mild to serious and life-threatening.
Allergies are often first noticed during childhood, but they can develop at any age and may last a lifetime. Initially mild allergic reactions to a food can turn into more serious symptoms the next time the food is eaten. If you have a reaction after eating a food — even if it’s mild — It’s important to speak with your healthcare provider to determine if you should go for allergy testing or carry emergency medication.
What Causes Some People to Develop a Food Allergy?
It’s unclear exactly where food allergies come from. Research shows that they could partly be genetic (inherited). Gut microbiota (bacteria living in your digestive tract) may also influence your chance of developing food allergies. New studies show that introducing young children to peanuts may reduce their chances of developing serious peanut allergies. But be sure to speak with your healthcare provider before introducing your child to peanuts.
Just keep in mind that a food allergy can develop at any age. The more exposure you have had to a particular food, the more likely your body could develop a reaction to it. The severity of the reaction depends on your immune system’s response to the food. The initial reaction may be mild but can worsen over time with repeated exposure to the food.
Common Food Allergies and Sensitivities/Intolerances
There are several different types of food allergies and sensitivities. Here is a short list of the most common reactions.
Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock
This is usually a very fast, life-threatening reaction that can occur when exposed to specific foods, medications, or stinging insects (e.g., bees). Symptoms can include sneezing, coughing, itching, hives, swelling, blood pressure drop, abdominal pain, dizziness, tightness in the throat, and shortness of breath. The main treatment for an anaphylactic reaction is an epinephrine auto-injector and calling 9-1-1. Avoiding what caused your reaction is necessary to prevent future life-threatening reactions which may be even worse than the first one.
Oral allergy syndrome or Pollen-food allergy syndrome
When symptoms such as rash, itching, sneezing, and swelling occur around the mouth, lips, and tongue, this is called oral allergy syndrome. Foods commonly associated with this syndrome include raw apples, bananas, cherries, kiwis, peaches, celery, tomatoes, potatoes, melons, and hazelnuts. This type of allergic reaction is not life-threatening and is common among those who are also allergic to grass and ragweed pollen (hence the name pollen-food allergy syndrome). Cooking the fruit or vegetable often reduces the symptoms because the heat breaks down the proteins responsible for this type of non-life-threatening reaction.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Heartburn-like symptoms, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or difficulty swallowing after eating certain foods may be eosinophilic esophagitis associated with food allergies. If this happens, it’s important to speak with your healthcare provider to see if you should get tested for allergies or if you need medication. Avoiding foods that cause this reaction is key.
Lactose Intolerance
Lactose is a sugar found in milk that can cause gas to build up in the digestive tract. This is not an allergy, but rather an inability to effectively digest this sugar. Lactose is a two-part sugar molecule that needs the enzyme lactase to break it down. When someone does not have enough active lactase in their digestive tract, lactose remains intact and causes abdominal pain, nausea, excess gas, bloating, and diarrhea.
Celiac Disease or Gluten Intolerance
Gluten is a protein found in many grains such as wheat, rye, and barley. While an intolerance to gluten involves the immune system, it differs from an allergy because of the specific antibodies involved. Allergies involve IgE antibodies, while gluten intolerance does not.
What is the Treatment for Food Allergies?
Unfortunately, there is no cure for food allergies, but reactions can be prevented. In an allergic reaction, the production of IgE antibodies is triggered by a protein in the offending food. Any food has the potential to cause an allergic response, however, there is a short list of foods that account for most reactions. These common food allergens must be declared on package labels, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Common food allergens include:
- Peanuts
- Tree nuts (e.g., almonds, walnuts, pecans)
- Fish (e.g., cod, bass, flounder)
- Shellfish (e.g., crab, lobster, shrimp)
- Eggs
- Milk
- Wheat
- Soy
How to Know if You Have a Food Allergy
Many food sensitivities or intolerances are often mistaken for a food allergy. Food sensitivities or intolerances can cause many symptoms after a reaction-provoking food is consumed. The difference in a true food allergy versus a sensitivity or intolerance is that allergic reactions involve the immune system and result in IgE antibodies being produced. Sensitivities or intolerances do not involve the immune system and generally result in more gastrointestinal symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, or nausea. Occasionally skin reactions can manifest. These are not considered life-threatening but can be annoying.
Living with Food Allergies and Sensitivities
The best way to deal with food allergies and sensitivities is to avoid the foods that cause reactions for you. Here are my top strategies for living well in spite of food allergies or sensitivities.
- Read food labels carefully to avoid foods that cause reactions for you. Most pre-packaged foods must clearly identify if they contain any of the major food allergens (or contain the immune-triggering protein of the major food allergens). Look for the list of ingredients, “allergen free” claims, and statements like “may contain” or “produced in a facility that also uses.”
- Wash your hands, surfaces, dishes, and utensils well to prevent accidental cross-contamination between offending foods and other foods.
- If you’re eating out, confirm whether the meal is free from the food you’re allergic to before placing your order.
- Food allergens may also be added to certain medications and cosmetics, so check those labels or ask your pharmacist before purchasing.
- If you experience an anaphylactic reaction, the FDA advises that “Persons with a known food allergy who begin experiencing symptoms while, or after, eating a food should initiate treatment immediately, and go to a nearby emergency room if symptoms progress.”
- If you have had a serious anaphylactic reaction, it’s important to carry an epinephrine auto-injector (also known as an epi-pen) in case of accidental exposure. This is a lifesaving medication that can help maintain your blood pressure and restore your ability to breathe. You can ask your pharmacist whether a prescription from a medical doctor is needed. Be sure to learn how to use it properly and replace it as it reaches the expiration date.
- If you have a history of anaphylaxis, you may want to consider wearing a medical alert bracelet or necklace.
- For lactose intolerance, all milk products do not need to be strictly avoided, provided they are consumed with the lactase enzyme (available as a dietary supplement) or have been pre-treated with the lactase enzyme (e.g., lactose-free milk). This ensures that the lactose has already been broken down for you and should not cause symptoms of intolerance.
- If you believe that you may have a food allergy or sensitivity, see your healthcare provider to discuss getting tested.
Summary
Food allergies and sensitivities are increasingly common. There are several different types and most are not serious or life-threatening. However, they all cause unwelcome symptoms. As a general rule, avoiding the offending foods is highly recommended. This post contains several essential tips on how to live with food allergies and sensitivities.
If you believe you have a serious food allergy, it’s critical that you see your healthcare provider to determine if you need to carry emergency medication for future exposures. If you think you may be sensitive to certain foods, you may want to try an elimination diet. Consider working with a qualified nutrition professional that can help you meet your nutrient needs while avoiding certain foods.
Additional Resources
For a customized plan designed to help you enjoy the meals you love minus the few foods that you may be allergic or sensitive to, consult a registered dietitian/nutritionist who can provide personalized research-based nutrition advice to fit your health, lifestyle, and goals. Click on my link below to book a free chat with me and see if dietitian services are right for you.
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**This recommendation is based on my personal experience. I receive no financial compensation for recommending this company. **
References
Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Lactose intolerance. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lactose-intolerance/symptoms-causes/syc-20374232
MedlinePlus. (2020, September 28). Anaphylaxis. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/anaphylaxis.html
MedlinePlus. (2020, September 28). Food allergy. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/foodallergy.html
Medscape. (2020, February 5). Food Allergies. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-overview#showall
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2018, October 26). Identifying Causes of Food Allergy & Assessing Strategies for Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/food-allergy-causes-prevention
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2019, September 11). Treatment for Living With Food Allergy. Retrieved from https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/treatment-living-food-allergy
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2018, October 25). Characterizing Food Allergy & Addressing Related Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/food-allergy-characterizing
NIH News in Health. (2017, March). Understanding Food Allergies. Retrieved from https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2017/03/understanding-food-allergies
United States Food and Drug Administration. (2018, September 26). What You Need to Know about Food Allergies. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/buy-store-serve-safe-food/what-you-need-know-about-food-allergies
